White Paper

Stablecoins: a Primer

Edmund Shing, Global Chief Investment Officer & Hiba Mouallem, Investment Strategist, BNP Paribas Wealth Management

Key Messages

 
  1. Definition: Stablecoins are blockchain-based digital tokens pegged to traditional assets (like the US dollar), designed for price stability and fast, low-cost transactions.
  2. Types: Main categories include fiat-backed (e.g., USDT, USDC), crypto-backed, commodity-backed, and algorithmic stablecoins.
  3. Regulation: Regulatory frameworks are rapidly evolving. The US introduced the GENIUS Act (2025), the EU has MiCAR, and other regions are following suit.
  4. Benefits: Faster and cheaper cross-border payments, stable value, and easier access to financial services—especially in countries with volatile currencies.
  5. Risks: Regulatory uncertainty, lack of deposit insurance, potential for illegal transfers, hacking, and “bank run” scenarios if confidence drops.
  6. Market Leaders: Tether (USDT) and Circle (USDC) are the largest issuers. Tether is a major buyer of US Treasuries; Circle went public in 2025.
  7. Adoption: Growing use in remittances, e-commerce, and institutional finance. Major companies (Visa, Mastercard, Amazon, Walmart) are exploring stablecoin integration.
  8. US Dollar Impact: USD stablecoins boost global demand for dollars and US Treasuries, reinforcing the dollar’s international dominance.
  9. Future Outlook: Stablecoins are expected to become deeply integrated into global finance, with a projected $2 trillion market by 2028.

Stablecoins: a not so volatile blockchain based digital token

We reiterate our overweight call on emerging markets. Looking forward, we think the EM equity rally can extend until year-end as macro tailwinds from Fed rate cuts and a weak dollar continue. Positioning and flow trends remain supportive amid ongoing strong demand for diversification and positive Q4 performance seasonality.

 

Stablecoins are blockchain based digital tokens pegged and tied to traditional assets and currencies such as the US dollar. Although the first stablecoin debuted in 2014, their importance has been growing the past few years with forecast of expansion over the following years.

Central banks are currently thinking of issuing their own digital currencies (CBDC), CBDCs will be issued and controlled by central banks in opposition to stablecoins which are issued by private entities.

 

2 main differences exist between stablecoins and cryptocurrencies:

(a) Stablecoins pegged to traditional assets such as fiat currency have a more stable price as other cryptocurrencies prices are determined by supply and demand.

(b) Cryptocurrencies are usually held for investment while stablecoin are mainly used for transfers and payment settlements.